Aortic valve diseases are among the most common heart valve disorders. These conditions arise due to structural abnormalities of the aortic valve and are generally categorized under two main headings: Aortic Stenosis and Aortic Regurgitation.
This article summarizes the causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for aortic valve diseases, clearly explaining the key differences between stenosis and regurgitation.
What Are Aortic Valve Diseases?
The heart contains four valves that ensure blood flows in the correct direction within the heart and throughout the body. One of these, the aortic valve, is located between the left ventricle and the aorta. Aortic valve diseases occur when this valve is structurally impaired and present in two forms:
- Aortic Stenosis: Narrowing of the aortic valve, making it harder for the heart to pump blood.
- Aortic Regurgitation: Incomplete closure of the aortic valve, causing some of the pumped blood to flow back into the heart.
Both conditions negatively affect heart function and may eventually lead to heart failure.
Differences Between Aortic Stenosis and Regurgitation
| Feature | Aortic Stenosis | Aortic Regurgitation |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Narrowing of the aortic valve | Incomplete closure of the aortic valve |
| Main Cause | Calcification, rheumatic fever, congenital abnormalities | Aortic root dilation, rheumatic fever, congenital causes |
| Clinical Symptoms | Shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, fainting | Shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, irregular heartbeat |
| Diagnostic Method | Echocardiography | Echocardiography |
| Treatment | Medication, valve replacement surgery, TAVI | Medication, valve repair or replacement |
| Surgery Requirement | In severe cases | In severe cases |
Causes of Aortic Valve Diseases
The main causes of aortic valve diseases include:
- Degenerative changes due to aging
- Rheumatic fever
- Congenital valve anomalies (Bicuspid Aortic Valve)
- Aortic aneurysm
- Connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome)
- Chest trauma
Symptoms of Aortic Valve Diseases
Symptoms of aortic valve diseases vary depending on the type and severity. The most common symptoms include:
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain
- Palpitations
- Fatigue
- Dizziness
- Fainting
- Heart murmur
How Are Aortic Valve Diseases Diagnosed?
The most commonly used diagnostic method is echocardiography. In addition, the following tests can assist in diagnosis:
- ECG
- Chest X-ray
- Cardiac MRI
- Cardiac catheterization
Treatment Options for Aortic Valve Diseases
Treatment is planned according to the type and severity of the disease, as well as the patient’s overall health status:
Medication
In mild cases, medication is used to control symptoms.
Surgical Intervention
Surgical methods are preferred when heart function deteriorates or symptoms increase:
- Aortic Valve Replacement (AVR)
- Valve Repair
- TAVI (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation)
- Mini Valve Replacement
- Sutureless Valve Replacement
The decision for surgery is made considering the patient’s age, overall health, and the severity of the valve disease.
The Importance of Early Diagnosis in Aortic Valve Diseases
Aortic valve diseases tend to progress over time. Therefore, early diagnosis is crucial for maintaining quality of life and intervening before heart function deteriorates. If you are experiencing symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or fainting, you should consult a cardiologist without delay.
